• Activation: First, the RFID tag is activated when it comes within range of an RFID reader. Next, the reader emits a radio frequency signal that powers the tag.
• Data Transmission: Then, the tag’s antenna picks up the reader’s signal, and the microchip processes this signal to transmit its stored data back to the reader.
• Data Reception: Once the RFID reader receives data transmitted by the tag, it decodes the data to retrieve the information. Next, this data is processed by the connected system, and grants vehicle access.

RFID systems operate on different frequency bands because they have unique characteristics and applications:

• Low Frequency (LF) 30-300 kHz:
  • Range: Up to 10 cm.
  • Features: Limited data transmission speed, better performance near metal and liquid.
  • Applications: Animal tracking, access control.
• High Frequency (HF) 3-30 MHz:
  • Range: Up to 1 meter.
  • Features: Moderate data transmission speed, susceptible to interference from metal and water.
  • Applications: Library book tracking, payment systems, access control.
• Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 300 MHz-3 GHz:
  • Range: Up to 12 meters.
  • Features: High data transmission speed, requires a clear line of sight.
  • Applications: Supply chain management, vehicle access control, asset tracking.

Passive RFID

Passive RFID tags do not have an internal power source. Instead, they rely on the energy emitted by the RFID reader to power the tag and transmit data.

• Advantages:
  • Cost-effective and cheaper to produce.
  • Durable with a longer lifespan because they lack  batteries.
  • Compact design due to the absence of a power source.
• Disadvantages:
  • Limited range, typically up to a few meters.
  • Lower data transmission rates compared to active tags.

Active RFID

On the other hand, active RFID tags have their own power source, usually a battery, which subsequently powers the tag’s transmitter to send data to the reader.

• Advantages:
  • Extended range, with read distances often reaching up to many meters.
  • Higher data transmission rates, which enables faster data transfer.
  • Enhanced functionality, such as sensors for environmental monitoring.
• Disadvantages:
  • Higher cost due to the inclusion of a battery.
  • Limited operational lifespan determined by the battery life.
  • Generally bulkier due to the battery.

RFID technology is beneficial for vehicle access control systems because of its ability to provide fast and secure access management. For example:

• Automated Toll Collection: Using RFID tags on vehicles to enable seamless toll payments.
• Parking Management: Controlling access to parking lots and garages, ensuring only authorized vehicles can enter.
• Fleet Management: Tracking and managing vehicle fleets for businesses, improving logistics and security.
• Secure Entry/Exit: Enhancing security at sensitive locations by ensuring only authorized vehicles gain access.

RFID technology offers solutions for vehicular access control. Therefore, understanding the different types of RFID readers and tags, their operational frequencies, and the distinctions between passive and active systems allows businesses to select the most appropriate RFID solution. Moreover, as the technology evolves, RFID will play a pivotal role in the efficiency and security of vehicle access control systems.